Introduction to Chicago
Chicago refers to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
Overview
For a more detailed explanation see the Ohio State Uni Summary Guide Chicago
Chicago does use footnotes in Humanities but not in Scientific. This section deals with the Humanities version only.
Footnotes
Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript Arabic numerals. Numbers for footnotes should be outside any adjacent punctuation
- Example
- This footnote number is correctly positioned.�
The footnote appears at the bottom of the text column in which it is mentioned. If the column is short because it is the end of a chapter, or there is a table or figure to complete it, the footnote still follows immediately after the text.
Generally, the footnote is separated from the text with a short rule.
Notes to tables
Footnotes to tables are denoted by superscript, Roman lower-case letters. Source and notes for tables appear with the footnotes. Position table footnotes directly below the table.
Underlining
Underlining is not used in Chicago publications. For emphasis, boldfaced type is preferred. In most other instances of underlining (such as book titles or scientific names), italic type should be used.
Italics
Minimize the use of italic in the text.
Citing
Citing author, date and page numbers in the flow of the text
Humanities = no, scientific = yes.
Citing author, date and page numbers in direct quotes
| Bibliography:
Carrington, David Edward. Exciting Downtown Odours. Sydney: Harcourt, 1979. First Footnote: David Edward Carrington, Exciting Downtown Odours (Sydney: Harcourt, 1979). Subsequent Footnotes: Carrington, 102. |
Citing a range of pages
| Bibliography:
Carrington, David Edward. Exciting Downtown Odours. Sydney: Harcourt, 1979. First Footnote: David Edward Carrington, Exciting Downtown Odours (Sydney: Harcourt, 1979): 17 - 19 Subsequent Footnotes: Carrington, 102-104. |
Citing volume and page numbers
| Bibliography:
Carrington, David Edward. Exciting Downtown Odours. vol 1. Sydney: Harcourt, 1979. First Footnote: David Edward Carrington, Exciting Downtown Odours (vol 1, Sydney: Harcourt, 1979): 17 - 19 Subsequent Footnotes: Carrington, vol 1, 102-104. |
Citing a work with two authors
| Bibliography:
Gramsci, Susan, and Peter Marrington. With the Help of Hindsight Odours. Sydney: University Press, 1999. First Footnote: Susan Gramsci and Peter Marrington, With the Help of Hindsight Odours (Sydney: University Press, 1999): 102. Subsequent Footnotes: Gramsci and Carrington, 102-104. |
Citing a work with three authors
| Bibliography:
Poobar, Harriet, Robert Lyttle, and Henrietta Dunkim. A Little Nose: A Story of Faith and Hope. New York: Penguin Books, 1999. First Footnote: Harriet Poobar, Robert Lyttle, and Henrietta Dunkim, A Little Nose: A Story of Faith and Hope (New York: Penguin Books, 1999): 25 - 26. Subsequent Footnotes: Poobar, Lyttle, and Dunkim, 10-14. |
Citing a work with more than three authors
| Bibliography:
Drinkham, George, Mandy Louise Honeywell, Lin Dow Jai, and Lun Tai. On the Nose. Sydney: International Publishers, 1971. First Footnote: George Drinkham et al., On the Nose (Sydney: International Publishers, 1971): 205. Subsequent Footnotes: Drinkham et al., On the Nose,101-104. |
Citing Journal article
| Bibliography:
Craner, Paul Matthew. "Impact of Smells on Art: New Ways of Smelling the Old." Poetry Today 29 (1999): 205-12. First Footnote: Paul Matthew Craner, "Impact of Smells on Art: New Ways of Smelling the Old," Poetry Today 29 (1999): 205-12. Subsequent Footnotes: Craner, 206. |
Citing an author who has written multiple works in the year
(Carrington 1979a) (Carrington 1979b) ... (Carrington 1979z)
Note: Include the letter in the bibliography as well.
Citing authors with the same surname
Given names are reduced to initials unless there are two authors with the same family name and initials in which case the full names must be used to distinguish them.
(Carrington, David. 1979) (Carrington, David Edward. 1979)
Citing books without authors
Use the title as if it were the name of the author
(A history of smells. 1994)
Citing articles without authors
Use the reference as if it were the name of the author
(The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 July. 2001 12)
Citing books without authors but published by an organization
Use the name of the organization as if it were the name of the author
(CSIRO. 1996)
Bibliography
Sequence of List Items
The references should be arranged alphabetically by their author. Within each author, the items should be arranged in date order.
Book
| Format: |
| Author name. Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. |
Single Author
Carrington, David Edward. Exciting Downtown Odours. Sydney: Harcourt, 1979.
Three Authors
Poobar, Harriet, Robert Lyttle, and Henrietta Dunkim. A Little Nose: A Story of Faith and Hope. New York: Penguin Books, 1999.
More than Three Authors
Drinkham, George. et al. On the Nose. Sydney: International Publishers, 1971.
Edited Work
Gramsci, Lynda. (ed.) The Last Smell. London: Blake & Wyndham, 1994.
Multivolume Work
Carrington, David Edward. Exciting Downtown Odours. 3 vols. Sydney: Harcourt, 1979.
Edition other than first
Carrington, David Edward. Exciting Downtown Odours. 4th edn. Sydney: Harcourt, 1979.
Multiple Reference
Several entries for the one author do not have the author's name repeated in the second or subsequent entries, instead the author's name is replaced by a short line about � inch long (enter as three dashes) with a comma.
- Example
1. Gramsci, Lynda. (ed.) The Last Smell. London: Blake & Wyndham, 1994.
2. ---, Smells that Rule the World. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Article in a book
| Format: |
| Author. 'Article title'. Book Title. ed. Editor. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. article pages. |
Ho, Patrick. "Old Time Smells." Essays on Eastern Fantasy. ed. Jenny Marigold. New York: Harcourt, 1998. 23-33.
Annual Reports
Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd. Annual Report 1997-98. Sydney: Coca-Cola Amatil, 1998.
Government Publications
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Government Finance Statistics 1995-96. Cat. No. 5512.0. Canberra: ABS, 1997.
Conference paper in published proceedings
Riley, Donald. 'Industrial relations in Australian education'. Contemporary Australasian Industrial Relations: Proceedings of the Sixth AIRAANZ Conference. ed. David Blackmur. Sydney: AIRAANZ, 1992. 124-140.
Theses
Boykett, Teresa Helen Henrietta. Algebraic aspects of reversible computation. PhD thesis. University of Western Australia,1996.
CD-ROM
| Format: |
| Author. Title . [CD-ROM]. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. |
Economic Intelligence Unit. Investing, Licensing, and Trading. [CD-ROM]. London: Economic Intelligence Unit, 1998.
Articles - in print and electronic
Article in a journal
| Format: |
|
Author of article. 'Article title'. Journal Title . volume, issue, year of publication: article pages. |
Conley, Tascott George and Galenson, Daryl Warrick 'Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities'. Journal of Economic History. 58, 2 (1998): 468-493.
Article in a newspaper with a known author
| Format: |
| Author of article. 'Article title'. Newspaper Title . day, month and year of publication: page. |
Ryan, Deborah. 'Looking on the bright side'. The Age. 24 July,1998: 17.
Article in a newspaper with no obvious author
| Format: |
| Newspaper Title . day month, year of publication: page. |
Financial Review. 23 Jan, 1987: 6
Article from an electronic database
| Format: |
| Author(s) of article Year of publication. 'Article title'. Journal Title. [Electronic or CD-ROM]. volume, issue. article pages. Available: Supplier: Database name/id if available [Access date]. |
Hawke, Adrian. 'The changing face of Australian industrial relations'. Economic Record. [Electronic]. Vol. 74, no. 224, 1998. 74-88. Available: Proquest: ABI/Inform [Aug. 24, 1999].
'Right idea, wrong decade?'. The Guardian. [Electronic]. 7 August, 2000. Available: Dow Jones Interactive [Dec. 13, 2000].
Indirect quotation
To cite material not taken from the original source but obtained through an intermediate source the reference is as follows:
Haselby, Phillip. 'The panic of 1979'. 1999. quoted in Debby Kickett. Worker on the Edge. Sydney, University Press, 2000. 72.
World Wide Web
No standard method for citing electronic sources of information has yet been agreed upon. This method is based on the style outlined in Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information by Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane.
| Format: |
| Author of webpage Last update or copyright date. Homepage Title [Homepage of...]. [Online]. Available: URL [Access date]. |
U. S. Department of Commerce (September 3, 1999). -last update. Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook [Homepage of Trade Port International Trade]. [Online]. Available: http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/indonesia/trends.html [Nov. 18, 2000].
If the author or editor is not available:
| Format: |
| Homepage Title [Homepage of...]. [Online]. Last update or copyright date. Available: URL [Access date]. |
Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook [Homepage of Trade Port International Trade], [Online]. (September 3, 1999)-last update. Available: http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/indonesia/trends.html [Nov. 18, 2000].
Annotated Bibliography
| Format: |
| Appropriate bibliographic reference
Narrative account of the work including such matters as Topic; Purpose and Audience; Scope; Outline; Sources; Bibliographic Form; Organization; Additional Features (indexes, annotations, library locations of works cited, and numbering of entries); Preliminaries (or Front Matter); Accuracy; Timeliness; Layout; Qualifications (of the compiler); and Promotion of the Publication. |